Lot no. 103
Indra ou Rakta Lokeshvara (Raktâ Lokesvara)
Népal ca 14° siècle
Bois. H. 66 cm
Superbe représentation d’une divinité masculine debout dans une remarquable expression de l’attitude de la triple inflexion (tribhanga). Le personnage fait de la main droite le geste de don (varadamudra) et dut autrefois maintenir une tige de lotus ou un attribut dans la main gauche.
Sa tête supporte une coiffe en forme de mitre sculptée à l’imitation de l’orfèvrerie et retenant une perle de couleur en son centre, d’un type communément considéré au Népal comme l’apanage du dieu Indra.
Toutefois, ce type de coiffure étant également parfois associé aux représentations d’un aspect rouge d’Avalokiteshvara (Avalokitesvara) comme celui figuré entouré de quatre aspects de Tara sur le paubha de l’ancienne collection Heeramaneck aujourd’hui conservé au Los Angeles County Museum M.77.19.4 maintes fois publié par le Dr P. Pal. (HAR item # 85719).
Les traces de pigments rouges encore visibles sur le corps ne permettent pas de trancher entre les deux, vu que les deux divinités ont la même teinte de carnations. Seul l’examen du sens de disposition de l’œil au milieu du front (horizontal ou vertical) pourrait apporter une réponse, mais une couche de matière sacrificielle disposée à cet endroit comme sur le reste de l’œuvre rend cet examen impossible.
S’il s’agit effectivement d’Avalokiteshvara, il faudrait peut-être lier cette œuvre à la tradition de l’Avalokiteshvara rouge qui serait la seule divinité de la vallée à avoir deux temples de résidence. L’image partage son temps, six mois dans le temple de Ta B.h. à Patan et six mois dans le village de Bungamati, à six kilomètres de Patan. Il est fêté vers la mi-avril et ces festivités sont censées faire venir les pluies nécessaires à l’agri.culture.
A partir du dix-huitième siècle, cet aspect du bodhisattva de la compassion y serait connu sous le nom populaire local de Matsyendranath. Au.paravant, il aurait uniquement été nommé Lokanath ou Lokesvara dans les textes.
Il est à noter que bien que de facture à priori relativement sommaire, la statue de Matsyendranath de Patan/Bungamati est parée d’une tiare en cuivre repoussé du même type que celle que nous pouvons observer sur cette œuvre.
Bien que moins connu que Matsyendranath, le Lokeshvara rouge de Madhyapur Thimi arbore également une typologie de même typologie que celle généralement attribuée à Indra.
Il est également intéressant de noter que tout ceci peut constituer un bel exemple du syncrétisme religieux caractéristique du Népal, puisque dans les védas, Indra le roi des dieux est censé favoriser la pluie, tout comme le Matsyendranath de Patan.
Anciens manques visibles dus aux xylophages.
Cette sculpture a fait en 2011 l’objet d’une analyse au carbone 14 qui confirme la datation stylistique au 14° siècle.
Superb depiction of a standing male deity in a remarkable expression of the triple inflexion (tribhanga) attitude. The figure makes the gesture of giving (varadamudra) with his right hand and must once have held a lotus stem or attribute in his left hand. His head supports a mitre-shaped headdress carved in imitation of goldsmith's work and holding a colored pearl in its center, of a type commonly considered in Nepal as the prerogative of the god Indra. However, this type of headdress also being sometimes associated with depictions of a red aspect of Avalokiteshvara (Avalokitesvara) such as the one figured surrounded by four aspects of Tara on the paubha from the former Heeramaneck collection now housed in the Los Angeles County Museum M.77.19.4 repeatedly published by Dr. P. Pal. (HAR item # 85719). The traces of red pigments still visible on the body do not allow to decide between the two, since both deities have the same skin tone. Only an examination of the direction of the eye's placement in the middle of the forehead (horizontal or vertical) could provide an answer, but a layer of sacrificial material placed there as on the rest of the work makes this examination impossible. If this is indeed Avalokiteshvara, perhaps this work should be linked to the tradition of the red Avalokiteshvara, who is said to be the only deity in the valley to have two temples of residence. The image divides its time, six months in the temple of Ta B.h. in Patan and six months in the village of Bungamati, six kilometers from Patan. He is celebrated around mid-April and these festivities are supposed to bring the rains necessary for agri.culture. From the eighteenth century onwards, this aspect of the bodhisattva of compassion would be known there under the popular local name of Matsyendranath. Previously, he would only have been called Lokanath or Lokesvara in the texts. It is worth noting that although the Patan/Bungamati statue of Matsyendranath is relatively crude, it is adorned with an embossed copper tiara of the same type as the one we can see on this work. Although less well known than Matsyendranath, the red Lokeshvara of Madhyapur Thimi also displays the same typology as that generally attributed to Indra. It is also interesting to note that all this may be a good example of the religious syncretism characteristic of Nepal, since in the Vedas, Indra the king of gods is supposed to favor rain, just like the Matsyendranath of Patan. Old visible losses due to xylophagous. This sculpture underwent a carbon-14 analysis in 2011 that confirms the stylistic dating to the 14th century.
Provenance :
- Collection privée U.S.A
- Acquis de de cette dernière en 2016
Références bibliographies pour Matsyendranath :
John K. Locke. “ Rato Matsyendranath of Bungamati and Patan” Tribhuvan University, 1974.
Pictures credits: Contact organization
Sculpture and bronzes
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